Herbicidal compositions for animal grazelands and methods for applying the same

ABSTRACT

Methods and compositions for controlling undesired vegetation in animal grazelands.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/675,825, filed Feb. 18, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/496,243, filed Oct. 7, 2021, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/710,965, filed Dec.11, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,166,463, issued Nov. 9, 2021, which inturn is a continuation of PCT International Patent Application No.PCT/US2019/062634, filed Nov. 21, 2019, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/773,037, file Nov. 29, 2018. Eachof these applications is incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The disclosure provides for methods and compositions for controllingunwanted vegetation in areas in which animals graze.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/871,234,filed Jan. 15, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,772,328, issued Sep. 15, 2020,and co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 15/943,987, filed Apr. 3, 2018,and Ser. No. 16/155,178, filed Oct. 9, 2018, which describe compositionscomprising cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors and uses thereof. Each ofthese applications is incorporated by references in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

There is an ongoing need for agronomic solutions which are safe for usein areas, such as rangelands, pastures, natural areas, and othernon-crop areas, in which grazing animals feed.

Invasive species cost the United States billions of dollars annually anddisrupt natural ecosystems. Across the U.S., invasive plants areestimated to occur on 7 million acres of national park lands, and atleast 1.5 million acres are severely infested. In addition to federallands, state and private lands are also plagued with invasive plants andmay have even higher infestation rates.

Grazing animals such as cattle, and species such as the greatersage-grouse which are to be protected under active conservation efforts,are threatened by invasive plant species, which negatively impacthabitats and food sources. More generally, invasive plant speciesthreaten to reduce the functional diversity of native vegetation.

Rangeland areas heavily invaded by invasive grass species, for example,suffer a loss of grazing capacity of up to 80% and, therefore, areduction in livestock production of up to 80%. Additionally, invasivegrasses have a notably deleterious effect on hay production, both interms of hay yield and management costs incurred by farmers.

Such invasive grass species further increase annual thatch depositionand accumulation. Increased thatch promotes increased fire size andfrequency and reduce fire cycles by shifting discontinuous fire systemsinto horizontally continuous systems, thereby further endangeringrangeland and livestock. Specifically, invasive grasses producesignificant amounts of dead, above-ground biomass, e.g., thatch, whichcan accelerate wildfire in both rangeland and in cropland. The dead,above-ground biomass comprises a fine, dense mat of highly flammablefuel susceptible to ignition and thus accelerating fire cycles.Accordingly, fire size and frequency have increased dramatically withthe expansion of annual grass weed infestations. In addition todisrupting ecology and ecosystem, fire can be devastating to rangelandand standing crops and the domestic and wild animals which feed thereon.Additionally, wildfire leaves the soil more vulnerable to erosion andrunoff.

Furthermore, there is an increasing demand for grass-fed livestock over,for example, grain- or corn-fed livestock. Rangeland supports asubstantial portion of livestock production in the United States and,therefore, state economies. For example, approximately 65% of Wyoming'sagricultural production is cattle and 86% is livestock. Accordingly,there is a need for agronomic compositions and methods for applying thesame to grass, wherein the treated vegetation is safe for animalconsumption and which do not contaminate the animal's meat or milk forlater human or animal (e.g., pet) consumption.

Invasive grasses and weeds compete for nutrients and grow in spaces withnative species suitable for grazing animals, such as perennial forbs andperennial grasses. By controlling invasive grasses and other weeds,rangeland can be more productive and therefore support more cattle andother grazing animals.

Additionally, various weed species can be harmful to grazing animals,such as sandbur (Chenchrus longispinus), which is thorny and can causecuts on grazing animals which may lead to infections. Further examplesof invasive grasses and/or weeds which may be harmful to grazing animalsinclude Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), milkweed (Asclepias spp.),and poison hemlock (Conium maculatum).

Although herbicides are available, most are expensive, vary ineffectiveness, and do not reduce the seed bank of invasive plants. Inaddition, seed bank longevity is typically underestimated, and someseeds can remain in the soil for years. There are limited herbicideoptions that provide the long-term control necessary to deplete the soilseed bank of invasive weed seed.

The present inventors have found that methods and compositions describedherein effectively control invasive vegetation and grasses in areas inwhich livestock graze while the treated vegetation is safe forconsumption by livestock animals.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides for a method of treating an areacomprising applying to said area a composition comprising a cellulosebiosynthesis inhibitor, wherein one or more animals graze or areintended to graze in said area.

The present invention further provides for methods of treating an areacomprising applying to said area a composition comprising a cellulosebiosynthesis inhibitor, wherein one or more animals graze or is intendedto graze in said area, and wherein the milk of said animal(s) is to beconsumed by humans, dogs, cats or other mammals.

The present invention further provides for methods of treating an areacomprising applying to said area a composition comprising a cellulosebiosynthesis inhibitor, wherein one or more animals graze or is intendedto graze in said area, and wherein the meat of said animal(s) is to beconsumed by humans, dogs, cats or other mammals.

It has been found that compositions comprising indaziflam as an activeingredient may be safely applied to areas in which animals graze, suchas rangeland and pastures, without risk of contaminating the meat of, ormilk produced by, the grazing animals.

Further objects, features, and advantages of the invention will becomeapparent from the detailed description that follows.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Herbicidal compositions comprising cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors,such as indaziflam, are commonly used to control pests such as annualgrasses and broadleaf weeds. Indaziflam works well against, for example,medusahead, ventenata, crabgrass, goosegrass, kyllinga, bluegrass,doveweed, swinecress, bittercress and henbit, including all weeds listedon the labels of the commercial products.

Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor herbicides affect synthesis of thecellulose needed for cell walls in susceptible plants, therebyinhibiting cell division. These herbicides are absorbed throughsusceptible plants' roots and shoot tissues and inhibit root and shootgrowth.

A person having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to adjustdosages and concentrations depending on whether the composition is to beapplied to a desirable plant or seed, part or habitat thereof, ordirectly to a site in which no desirable plants are present or growing(e.g., a monoculture of unwanted annual grass).

Compositions comprising indaziflam have been recognized as beingsuitable for generally controlling and inhibiting undesired vegetativegrowth of plants from seed without simultaneously killing the desirablecrop plants.

The compound, indaziflam, which can be used in the presently claimedmethod, is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,991, which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The compound taught byU.S. Pat. No. 8,114,991, is described therein as having herbicidalproperties. See U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,991, at, for example, column 62,line 22 to column 72, line 43.

Indaziflam's International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)name isN2-[(1R,2S)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1H-inden-1-yl]-6-[(1RS)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine.Indaziflam is written chemically as C₁₆H₂₀FN₅ and has the followingstructural formula:

Indaziflam controls weeds by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis andmeristematic cell growth and is classified as a Group 29 Herbicide (see:wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Mechanism-of-Action.pdf) by the WeedScience Society of America. The discovery that indaziflam is effectiveon rangeland and pasture, will assist land managers battling herbicideresistant weeds because indaziflam would be a new herbicide site ofaction for this market.

As a cellulose-biosynthesis inhibitor, indaziflam has been found to havea unique mode of action for non-crop areas with residual soil activityand broad-spectrum pre-emergence) control. In addition, indaziflam ismore lipophilic with a water solubility of 3.6 mg L⁻¹ and log K_(ow) of2.8 (pH 7) than aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, imazapic, andpicloram, which have water solubility in the range of (2,200 to 207,000mg L⁻¹) and log K_(ow) (−2.87 to 1.18). Thus, indaziflam may have lessherbicide dilution in the soil profile and longer-term soil residualactivity. Therefore, in view of this longer-term activity, indaziflamcan be used effectively to treat grazeland is especially beneficial.Further, use of indaziflam is economical because the recommendednon-crop use rates are relatively low for indaziflam, e.g., 73 to 102 gai ha⁻¹, which is comparable to imazapic (70 to 123 g ai ha⁻¹),aminocyclopyrachlor (70 to 140 g ai ha⁻¹), aminopyralid (53 to 123g·ai·ha⁻¹), and is much less than picloram, (140 to 1,121 g·ai·ha⁻¹).

Additional cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors include herbicidesbelonging to benzamide (WSSA group 21), nitrile (WSSA group 20), andtriazolocarboxamides (WSSA group 28) classes of chemicals. For example,cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors of the benzamide family includeisoxaben. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors of the nitrile familyinclude dichlobenil and chlorthiamid. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitorsof the triazolocarboxamide family include flupoxam.

Commercially available herbicides incorporating indaziflam as theiractive ingredient include, for example, the REJUVRA™ product, theREJUVRA PLUS™ product, the REZILON™ product, the ALION® product, theESPLANADE® F product, the ESPLANADE® EZ product, the ESPLANADE® 200 SCproduct, the SPECTICLE® G product, the SPECTICLE® FLO product, theSPECTICLE® TOTAL, the SPECTICLE® 20 WSP product, the MARENGO® product,and the DURAZONE® product. Any of these with appropriate labeling can beused in the present invention.

The REJUVRA™ product, for example, is formulated as a suspensionconcentrate containing 1.67 lb. ai per gallon (200 g ai/L) indaziflam.Bayer CropScience has applied for its registration on rangeland areas inthe Western U.S. at rate between 3.5 to 5 fl. oz/A (0.046 to 0.065 lb.ai/A). This invention allows for the the broad spectrum, preemergencecontrol of invasive and noxious annual grass and broadleaf weeds inareas that may be grazed by dometic livestock or cut for hay. Indaziflamprovides long-term control of invasive annual grasses such as downybrome (also called cheatgrass), medusahead, and ventenata and broadleafweeds such as common mullein and marestail.

The REZILON™ Herbicide product, for example, is also formulated as asuspension concentrate containing 1.67 lb. ai per gallon (200 g ai/L)indaziflam. The REZILON™ product can be applied at rates between 3 to 5fl. oz/A (0.039 to 0.065 lb. ai/A) for broad spectrum annual grass andbroadleaf weed control including hard-to-control and/or herbicideresistant weeds such as Italian ryegrass, crabgrass species, foxtailspecies, sandbur, horseweed, and pigweed species.

Indaziflam is an herbicide for pre-emergence control of annual grass andbroadleaf weeds, including those that are invasive, on rangeland,Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands and warm season pasture and hayproduction areas.

Indaziflam has been found to provide extended residual pre-emergencecontrol of the most common and economically important invasive annualgrasses and broadleaf weeds, including populations that are resistant toglyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides.Indaziflam should generally be applied and activated by rainfall beforeit will control germinating seedlings. A tank mix partner may be used toprovide first-year control of germinating weeds if the application isafter target weeds have already germinated or if insufficientprecipitation to activate indaziflam is expected prior to weedgermination. Suitable tank mix partners include glyphosate, imazapic,rimsulfuron, and propoxycarbozone.

Indaziflam has been found to offer significant advantages to ranchersand forage producers compared to currently registered herbicides,indaziflam has been found to provide excellent crop tolerance and longerresidual control of annual invasive grass weed species compared to allother registered products tested. In rangeland, ranchers can utilizeindaziflam to release native vegetation by controlling annual invasivegrass species such as cheatgrass, medusahead and ventenata. In someregions of the Western U.S., particularly the sage-steppe ecosystemfound in the Great Basin, invasive annual grasses such as cheatgrass arethreatening this rich and diverse ecosystem. Cheatgrass infestation, dueto the buildup of fine fuel, has led to increased frequency of wildfireswhich destroy perennial grasses and sagebrush. Many wildlife species,including the sage grouse (which is under an intensive conservationprogram), are dependent on the perennial grass and sagebrush ecosystemfor survival. By only using current technologies and practices, it isestimated that in 30 years we will have five times more cheatgrassdominated areas in the Great Basin than today. Other invasive grassessuch as medusahead and ventenata also pose significant issues due totheir high silica content that renders them much less palettable tolivestock. This causes livestock grazing pressure of the more palettibleand desired native grasses to increase, even to the point of overgrazing. In the absence of effective control measures, these invasiveweeds are allowed to expand their populations, while increasing grazingpressure reduces the populations of desirable native vegetation. Forthese reasons, invasive grass species such as these are very highlyundesirable.

It has been found that a single application of indaziflam can preventgermination of annual grasses for multiple years. This provides landmanagers with a new opportunity to start the process of eliminating theannual grass seed bank. For example, indaziflam has demonstratedlong-term control, (e.g., at least three years) of cheatgrass with asingle application. Indaziflam is significantly more effective as apre-emergence herbicide than imazapic on cheatgrass, medusahead, andventenata. This makes indaziflam an effective tool to start the processof depleting the invasive annual grass soil seed bank. Furthermore,providing long-term control of annual grasses with indaziflam results inboth reduced thatch that serves as fuel for highly destructivewildfires, and the effective creation of firebreaks that protectcommunities of desirable perennials. As a result, native ecosystems arepromoted, allowing for increased habitat for animal species of concernincluding wildlife and pollinators.

In certain embodiments, a composition comprising a cellulosebiosynthesis inhibitor can be applied according to methods of thepresent invention at rates of 0.001 to 100, or 0.01 to 75, or 0.1 to 50,or 0.5 to 25 oz/A (ounces of composition per acre).

In certain embodiments, a composition comprising as an active ingredienta cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor is applied according to methods ofthe present invention such that the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isapplied in an amount of from 0.001 to 25, or 0.0025 to 10, or 0.005 to1, or 0.01 to 0.5 lb. ai/A (pounds of active ingredient per acre).

In an aspect, the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor applied according tothe present invention is indaziflam.

In another aspect, indaziflam may be used in combination with one ormore additional cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, which may be appliedat rates of 10 to 2000, 20 to 1500, 50 to 1200, 60 to 1000, or 70 to 500g ai·ha⁻¹. The weight ratios of indaziflam to at least one additionalherbicide may be 25:1 to 1:25, 1:10 to 10:1, or 5:1 to 1:5.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a cellulosebiosynthesis inhibitor, such as indaziflam, is the only herbicidallyactive ingredient or only active ingredient in the composition applied.For example, in certain embodiments, the composition used in the methodof the present invention does not include other herbicides, fungicides,insecticides, and/or other agriculturally active ingredients.

In certain embodiments, a composition of the present invention cancomprise a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor in an amount of 0.001 to 50lb./gallon, or 0.01 to 25 lb./gallon, or 0.1 to 10 lb./gallon, or 0.5 to5 lb./gallon.

In an aspect, a composition of the present invention comprises acellulose biosynthesis inhibitor in an amount of 0.0001% to 75%, or0.001% to 50%, or 0.01% to 33%, or 0.1% to 25% by weight of thecomposition.

In certain embodiments, a composition applied according to the method ofthe present invention may comprise at least one active ingredient inaddition to a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, depending on theformulation. In such embodiments, said at least one additional activeingredient may be present in an amount of 0.001 to 50 lb./gallon, or0.01 to 25 lb./gallon, or 0.1 to 10 lb./gallon.

In an aspect, compositions applied according to the methods describedherein may include any desired effective amount of one or moreadditional active ingredients, such as wherein said one or moreadditional active ingredients is/are present at a combined concentrationof 0.001% to 50%, or 0.01% to 33%, or 0.1% to 25% by weight of thecomposition.

“Plant health” refers to one or more advantageous properties including:emergence, crop yield, protein content, more developed root system(improved root growth), tillering increase, increase in plant height,increase in size of leaf blade, fewer dead basal leaves and/or fruit,stronger tillers, greener leaf color, pigment content, greaterphotosynthetic activity, decreased need for fertilizer, decrease in needfor seeds, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, earlier grainmaturity, less plant verse (lodging), increased shoot growth, enhancedplant vigor, increased plant stand and early germination, droughttolerance, and any other advantages familiar to a person skilled in theart.

“Promote,” as used herein in connection with plant health anddevelopment, means to advance, increase, facilitate, or otherwisepositively impact plant health and/or development, including but notlimited to increasing shoot and/or root growth, drought tolerance,and/or fruit yield.

“Habitat” denotes where a desirable plant (e.g., grass to be consumed bygrazing animals) or crop is growing or will be grown. The methoddescribed herein can be used to treat a desirable plant or crop, or aseed, leaf, part, or habitat thereof.

In an aspect, the habitat of a desirable plant or crop to be treated israngeland, a pasture, or a natural area as defined herein.

Compositions described herein may be applied according to the method ofthe present invention to treat any desirable plant or crop, or a seed,leaf, part, or habitat thereof.

In an aspect, compositions described herein may be applied according tothe method of the present invention to promote the overall plant healthof desirable plants, e.g., grasses growing in rangelands, pasturesnatural areas, or other non-crop areas to which the compositions areapplied.

In another aspect, compositions described herein may be appliedaccording to the method of the present invention to control or killundesirable plants, e.g., invasive grasses.

In another aspect, compositions described herein may be applied directlyto the soil in a rangeland, pasture, natural area, or other non-croparea.

Any desired plant or crop can be treated by the composition of thepresent invention to control invasive grasses or weeds. In anotheraspect, compositions of the present invention may be applied directly toinvasive grasses or weeds to be controlled.

“Invasive grass”, “invasive annual grass”, “annual grass”, and “annualweed” are used interchangeably herein and are understood as meaning, inthe present context any undesired grass or weed species.

In an aspect, methods and compositions of the present invention may beused to control any weed including but not limited to Abelmoschusesculentus, Abrus precatorius, Abutilon theophrasti, Acaciaauriculiformis, Acacia confuse, Acacia mearnsii, Acacia melanoxylon,Acacia paradoxa, Acacia parramattensis, Acaena novae-zelandiae, Acaenapallida, Acalypha ostryifolia, Acalypha virginica, Acanthospermumhispidum, Acer ginnala, Acer negundo, Acer platanoides, Acerpseudoplatanus, Acer rubrum, Achillea millefolium, Achillea millefoliumvar. occidentalis, Achnatherum brachychaetum, Acroptilon repens,Adenanthera pavonina, Aegilops cylindrica, Aegilops geniculate, Aegilopstriuncialis, Aeginetia, Aegopodium podagraria, Aeschynomene indica,Aeschynomene rudis, Aeschynomene virginica, Agave sisalana, Ageratinaadenophora, Ageratina altissima var. altissima, Ageratina riparia,Ageratum conycoides, Agrostemma githago, Agrostis stolonifera, Ailanthusaltissima, Albizia julibrissin, Albizia lebbeck, Alectra, Alhagimaurorum, Alliaria petiolata, Allium, Allium canadense, Alliumneapolitanum, Allium paniculatum, Allium textile, Allium vineale, Alliumvineale ssp. compactum, Alnus glutinosa, Alopecurus carolinianus,Alopecurus myosuroides, Alstonia macrophylla, Alternanthera,Alternanthera philoxeroides, Alternanthera pungens, Alternantherasessilis, Alyssum alyssoides, Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus blitoides,Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus palmeri, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthusretroflexus, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus tuberculatus, Amaranthusviridis, Ambrosia acanthicarpa, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosiaartemisiifolia var. elatior, Ambrosia grayi, Ambrosia psilostachya,Ambrosia tomentosa, Ambrosia trifida, Ammannia coccinea, Ammophilaarenaria, Amorpha fruticosa, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Amphiachyrisdracunculoides, Amsinckia calycina, Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia,Anagallis arvensis, Anchusa arvensis, Anchusa officinalis, Andropogonbicornis, Andropogon gerardii, Andropogon virginicus, Anemonehupehensis, Angiopteris evecta, Anoda cristata, Anredera cordifolia,Anredera vesicaria, Anthemis arvensis, Anthemis cotula, Anthriscussylvestris, Antigonon leptopus, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Apocynumcannabinum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Araujia sericifera, Archontophoenixalexandrae, Arctium minus, Arctotheca calendula, Ardisia crenata,Ardisia elliptica, Argemone mexicana, Argemone polyanthemos, Aristidaoligantha, Aristida purpurea, Aristolochia elegans, Arrhenatherumelatius var. bulbosum, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia annua, Artemisiabiennis, Artemisia campestris, Artemisia cana, Artemisia dracunculus,Artemisia filifolia, Artemisia frigida, Artemisia ludoviciana, Artemisiatridentata, Artemisia vulgaris, Arthraxon hispidus, Arthrostemmaciliatum, Arundo donax, Asclepias fascicularis, Asclepias incarnata,Asclepias labriformis, Asclepias physocarpa, Asclepias speciosa,Asclepias subverticillata, Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias verticillata,Asparagus aethiopicus, Asphodelus fistulosus, Astragalus bisulcatus,Astragalus missouriensis, Astragalus mollissimus, Asystasia gangetica,Atriplex semibaccata, Atriplex subspicata, Avena barbata, Avena fatua,Avena sativa, Avena sterilis, Axonopus fissifolius, Azolla pinnata,Bacopa rotundifolia, Barbarea orthoceras, Barbarea vulgaris, Bassiahyssopifolia, Bassia scoparia, Bauhinia variegata, Begonia cucullata,Bellardia trixago, Bellis perennis, Berberis, Berberis thunbergii,Berberis vulgaris, Berteroa incana, Bidens alba, Bidens aristosa, Bidensbipinnata, Bidens cernua, Bidens cynapiifolia, Bidens frondosa, Bidenspilosa, Bischofia javanica, Bocconia frutescens, Bouteloua dactyloides,Brachypodium distachyon, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Brassica, Brassicajuncea, Brassica nigra, Brassica rapa, Brassica tournefortii, Brickelliaeupatorioides var. eupatorioides, Bromus arvensis, Bromus carinatus,Bromus catharticus, Bromus diandrus, Bromus diandrus ssp. rigidus,Bromus hordeaceus, Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus, Bromus inermis,Bromus japonicus, Bromus racemosus, Bromus rubens, Bromus secalinus,Bromus sterilis, Bromus tectorum, Broussonetia papyrifera, Bruguierasexangula, Brunnichia ovata, Bryonia alba, Bryum argenteum, Buddlejadavidii, Buglossoides arvensis, Bupleurum rotundifolium, Butomusumbellatus, Cabomba caroliniana, Caesalpinia decapetala, Calandriniacaulescens, Calandrinia ciliata, Callirhoe involucrata, Callitrichestagnalis, Calophyllum antillanum, Calystegia sepium, Calystegia sepiumssp. sepium, Camelina microcarpa, Campanula rapunculoides, Campsisradicans, Cannabis sativa, Caperonia palustris, Capsella bursa-pastoris,Cardamine hirsuta, Cardamine impatiens, Cardamine parviflora, Cardariachalepensis, Cardaria draba, Cardaria pubescens, Cardiospermumhalicacabum, Carduus, Carduus acanthoides, Carduus crispus, Carduusnutans, Carduus pycnocephalus, Carduus tenuiflorus, Carex kobomugi,Carpobrotus edulis, Carthamus lanatus, Carthamus lanatus ssp. creticus,Carthamus leucocaulos, Carthamus oxyacanthus, Carum carvi, Castillaelastica, Casuarina, Casuarina equisetifolia, Casuarina glauca, Caulerpataxifolia, Cecropia obtusifolia, Celastrus orbiculatus, Cenchrusechinatus, Cenchrus longispinus, Cenchrus spinifex, Centaureacalcitrapa, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea diffusa, Centaurea iberica,Centaurea jacea, Centaurea macrocephala, Centaurea melitensis, Centaureanigra, Centaurea nigrescens, Centaurea solstitialis, Centaurea stoebessp. micranthos, Centaurea sulphurea, Centaurea virgata, Centaureavirgata ssp. squarrosa, Centromadia pungens ssp. pungens, Cerastiumfontanum, Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare, Cerastium vulgatum,Ceratocephala testiculata, Cereus hildmannianus, Cestrum diurnum,Cestrum nocturnum, Chaenorhinum minus, Chamaecrista fasciculata var.fasciculata, Chamaesyce glyptosperma, Chamaesyce humistrata, Chamaesycehyssopifolia, Chamaesyce maculata, Chamaesyce nutans, Chamerionangustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Chenopodium album, Chenopodiumberlandieri, Chenopodium leptophyllum, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodiumsimplex, Chloris verticillata, Chloris virgata, Chondrilla juncea,Chorispora tenella, Chromolaena odorata, Chrysophyllum cainito,Chrysophyllum mexicanum, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Chrysopogonaciculatus, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Cichorium intybus, Cicutadouglasii, Cicuta maculata, Cinchona pubescens, Cinnamomum burmannii,Cinnamomum camphora, Cirsium, Cirsium altissimum, Cirsium arvense,Cirsium canescens, Cirsium discolor, Cirsium flodmanii, Cirsiumfoliosum, Cirsium horridulum, Cirsium japonicum, Cirsium ochrocentrum,Cirsium undulatum, Cirsium vulgare, Citharexylum caudatum, Citharexylumspinosum, Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus, Citrus reticulata ssp. unshiu,Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata, Clematis orientalis, Clematisterniflora, Clematis virginiana, Clematis vitalba, Cleome gynandra,Cleome serrulata, Clerodendrum bungei, Clerodendrum chinense,Clerodendrum macrostegium, Clidemia hirta, Clidemia hirta var. hirta,Clusia rosea, Cnicus benedictus, Coccinia grandis, Cocculus carolinus,Colocasia esculenta, Colubrina asiatica, Commelina benghalensis,Commelina communis, Commelina diffusa, Conicosia pugioniformis, Coniummaculatum, Conoclinium coelestinum, Convallaria majalis, Convolvulusarvensis, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza canadensis, Coreopsis tinctoria,Coronopus didymus, Coronopus squamatus, Cortaderia jubata, Cortaderiaselloana, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Cosmos bipinnatus, Cosmos sulphureus,Cotoneaster lacteus, Cotoneaster pannosus, Cotula australis, Crassulahelmsii, Crataegus monogyna, Crepis setosa, Crotalaria, Crotalariaspectabilis, Croton capitatus, Croton glandulosus, Croton setigerus,Croton texensis, Crupina vulgaris, Cryptostegia madagascariensis,Cucumis anguria, Cucumis melo, Cucumis myriocarpus, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Cuscuta, Cuscuta approximata,Cuscuta boldinghii, Cuscuta cassytoides, Cuscuta epilinum, Cuscutaepithymum, Cuscuta europaea, Cuscuta indecora, Cuscuta indecora var.bifida, Cuscuta indecora var. indecora, Cuscuta indecora var.longisepala, Cuscuta indecora var. neuropetala, Cuscuta japonica,Cuscuta pentagona, Cuscuta pentagona var. glabrior, Cuscuta pentagonavar. pentagona, Cuscuta pentagona var. pubescens, Cuscuta reflexa,Cuscuta suaveolens, Cuscuta umbellata, Cyathea cooperi, Cyclachaenaxanthiifolia, Cymbopogon refractus, Cynanchum laeve, Cynanchum louiseae,Cynanchum rossicum, Cynanchum vincetoxicum, Cynara cardunculus, Cynodon,Cynodon dactylon, Cynoglossum officinale, Cyperus acuminatus, Cyperuscompressus, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus erythrorhizos, Cyperusesculentus, Cyperus haspan, Cyperus involucratus, Cyperus iria, Cyperusodoratus, Cyperus prolifer, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus strigosus, Cytisusscoparius, Cytisus scoparius var. andreanus, Cytisus scoparius var.scoparius, Cytisus striatus, Dactylis glomerata, Dactylocteniumaegyptium, Daphne laureola, Datura inoxia, Datura quercifolia, Daturastramonium, Daucus carota, Delairea odorata, Delphinium carolinianumssp. virescens, Delphinium geyeri, Delphinium nuttallianum,Delphinium×occidentale, Deparia petersenii, Descurainia pinnata,Descurainia sophia, Desmanthus illinoensis, Desmodium cajanifolium,Desmodium tortuosum, Dianthus armeria, Dichrostachys cinerea, Digitalispurpurea, Digitaria abyssinica, Digitaria adscendens, Digitariabicornis, Digitaria ciliaris, Digitaria ischaemum, Digitariasanguinalis, Digitaria velutina, Diodia teres, Diodia virginiana,Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Dipsacusfullonum, Dipsacus laciniatus, Dipsacus sativus, Dissotis rotundifolia,Distichlis spicata, Draba verna, Dracopis amplexicaulis, Drymariaarenarioides, Dysphania ambrosioides, Dyssodia papposa, Echinochloacolona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinocystis lobata, Echinodoruscordifolius, Echium plantagineum, Echium vulgare, Eclipta alba, Ecliptaprostrata, Egeria densa, Ehrharta calycina, Ehrharta erecta, Eichhornia,Eichhornia azurea, Eichhornia crassipes, Elaeagnus angustifolia,Elaeagnus pungens, Elaeagnus umbellata, Elephantopus mollis, Eleusineindica, Ellisia nyctelea, Elodea canadensis, Elsholtzia ciliata, Elymusrepens, Emilia sonchifolia, Emex australis, Emex spinosa, Enterolobiumcontortisiliquum, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium paniculatum, Epipremnumpinnatum, Equisetum arvense, Equisetum hyemale, Equisetum laevigatum,Equisetum telmateia, Eragrostis cilianensis, Eragrostis pilosa,Eragrostis spectabilis, Erechtites glomeratus, Erechtites minimus,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa, Erigeron annuus,Erigeron bonariensis, Erigeron canadensis, Erigeron karvinskianus,Erigeron philadelphicus, Erigeron strigosus, Eriobotrya japonica,Eriochloa acuminata var. acuminata, Eriochloa contracta, Eriochloavillosa, Eriogonum annuum, Erodium cicutarium, Erysimum cheiranthoides,Erysimum repandum, Eschscholzia californica, Eucalyptus globulus,Eucalyptus robusta, Eugenia uniflora, Euonymus alatus, Euonymusfortunei, Eupatorium altissimum, Eupatorium capillifolium, Euphorbiacyathophora, Euphorbia cyparissias, Euphorbia dentata, Euphorbia esula,Euphorbia esula var. esula, Euphorbia heterophylla, Euphorbia humifusa,Euphorbia marginata, Euphorbia myrsinites, Euphorbia oblongata,Euphorbia serrata, Euphorbia terracina, Euryops multifidus, Eutrochiumfistulosum, Fagopyrum tataricum, Falcataria moluccana, Fatoua villosa,Ficus altissima, Ficus carica, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus rubiginosa,Fimbristylis quinquangularis, Flacourtia indica, Flaveria trinervia,Flueggea acidoton, Foeniculum vulgare, Fragaria virginiana, Frangulaalnus, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus uhdei,Froelichia floridana, Froelichia gracilis, Furcraea foetida, Galegaofficinalis, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galinsoga parviflora, Galinsogaquadriradiata, Galium aparine, Gamochaeta purpurea, Genistamonspessulana, Geranium carolinianum, Geranium dissectum, Geraniumrobertianum, Glaucium corniculatum, Glechoma hederacea, Gleditsiatriacanthos, Glossostigma cleistanthum, Glossostigma diandrum, Glyceriamaxima, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Gnaphalium palustre,Gnaphalium purpureum, Gossypium hirsutum, Grevillea banksii, Grevillearobusta, Grindelia papposa, Grindelia squarrosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae,Gypsophila paniculata, Haematoxylum campechianum, Halimodendronhalodendron, Halogeton glomeratus, Harrisia martinii, Hedeoma hispida,Hedera helix, Hedera hibernica, Hedychium coronarium,Hedychiumflavescens, Hedychium gardnerianum, Helenium amarum, Heleniumautumnale, Helianthus annuus, Helianthus ciliaris, Helianthusgrosseserratus, Helianthus nuttallii, Helianthus petiolaris, Helianthustuberosus, Helichrysum petiolare, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Heliopsishelianthoides, Hemerocallis fulva, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Heracleummaximum, Hesperis matronalis, Heteranthera limosa, Heterantherareniformis, Heterocentron subtriplinervium, Heteropogon contortus,Heterotheca subaxillaris, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus tiliaceus,Hibiscus trionum, Hieracium, Hieracium atratum, Hieracium aurantiacum,Hieracium caespitosum, Hieracium canadense, Hieracium×floribundum,Hieracium laevigatum, Hieracium pilosella, Hieracium piloselloides,Hiptage benghalensis, Hoffmannseggia glauca, Holcus lanatus, Hordeumjubatum, Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum, Hordeum pusillum, Hordeumvulgare, Humulus japonicus, Hydrilla verticillata, Hydrocharismorsus-ranae, Hygrophila polysperma, Hymenachne amplexicaulis,Hyoscyamus niger, Hyparrhenia rufa, Hypericum canariense, Hypericumperforatum, Hypochaeris radicata, Hyptis pectinata, Hyptis suaveolens,Ilex aquifolium, Impatiens glandulifera, Impatiens walleriana, Imperatabrasiliensis, Imperata brevifolia, Imperata cylindrica, Ipomoea, Ipomoeaalba, Ipomoea aquatica, Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa, Ipomoea coccinea,Ipomoea cordatotriloba var. cordatotriloba, Ipomoea hederacea, Ipomoealacunosa, Ipomoea pandurata, Ipomoea purpurea, Ipomoea quamoclit,Ipomoea triloba, Ipomoea turbinata, Ipomoea wrightii, Iris douglasiana,Iris missouriensis, Iris pseudacorus, Isatis tinctoria, Ischaemumrugosum, Iva annua, Iva axillaris, Jacquemontia tamnifolia, Jasminumdichotomum, Jasminum fluminense, Jasminum sambac, Juncus bufonius,Juncus effusus, Juncus planifolius, Juncus polyanthemos, Juncus tenuis,Juniperus virginiana, Kalanchoe pinnata, Kickxia elatine, Kochiascoparia, Koelreuteria elegans, Kummerowia stipulacea, Kummerowiastriata, Lactuca floridana, Lactuca serriola, Lactuca tatarica var.pulchella, Lagarosiphon, Lagarosiphon major, Lagascea mollis, Lamiumamplexicaule, Lamium purpureum, Lamium purpureum var. incisum, Landoltiapunctata, Lantana camara, Lappula occidentalis, Lapsana communis, Larreatridentata, Lathyrus latifolius, Leonurus cardiaca, Lepidium austrinum,Lepidium campestre, Lepidium densiflorum, Lepidium latifolium, Lepidiumperfoliatum, Lepidium virginicum, Leptochloa chinensis, Leptochloa fuscassp. fascicularis, Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia, Leptochloapanicoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Lepyrodiclis holosteoides, Lespedezabicolor, Lespedeza cuneata, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucanthemum vulgare,Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Ligustrum ovalifolium,Ligustrum sinense, Ligustrum vulgare, Limnobium spongia, Limnocharisflava, Limnophila indica, Limnophila sessiliflora, Linaria dalmatica,Linaria dalmatica ssp. dalmatica, Linaria genistifolia, Linariavulgaris, Livistona chinensis, Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum,Lolium temulentum, Lonicera×bella, Lonicera fragrantissima, Lonicerajaponica, Lonicera maackii, Lonicera morrowii, Lonicera tatarica,Lonicera xylosteum, Lophostemon confertus, Lotus corniculatus, Ludwigiadecurrens, Ludwigia grandiflora ssp. grandiflora, Ludwigia grandiflorassp. hexapetala, Ludwigia peploides, Lunularia cruciata, Lupinusarboreus, Lupinus perennis, Lupinus plattensis, Lupinus pusillus,Lupinus wyethii, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Lycium barbarum, Lyciumferocissimum, Lycopus americanus, Lygodesmia juncea, Lygodium japonicum,Lygodium microphyllum, Lysimachia nummularia, Lysimachia vulgaris,Lythrum, Lythrum salicaria, Lythrum virgatum, Macaranga mappa, Macarangatanarius, Macfadyena unguis-cati, Machaeranthera canescens,Machaeranthera pinnatifida ssp. pinnatifida var. pinnatifida, Macleayacordata, Madia sativa, Mahonia, Malachra alceifolia, Malva neglecta,Malva parviflora, Malvella leprosa, Marah oreganus, Marchantiapolymorpha ssp. polymorpha, Marrubium vulgare, Marsilea quadrifolia,Matricaria discoidea, Matricaria maritime, Medicago lupulina, Medicagopolymorpha, Medicago sativa, Medinilla cummingii, Medinilla magnifica,Medinilla venosa, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Melastoma, Melastomacandidum, Melastoma malabathricum, Melastoma sanguineum, Meliaazedarach, Melilotus officinalis, Melinis minutiflora, Melinis repens,Melochia corchorifolia, Melochia umbellata, Mentha arvensis,Mentha×piperita, Mentha pulegium, Mentha spicata, Mentzelia decapetala,Merremia tuberosa, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Miconia, Miconiacalvescens, Microlaena stipoides, Microstegium vimineum, Mikaniacordata, Mikania micrantha, Mikania scandens, Milium vernale, Mimosadiplotricha, Mimosa pellita, Mirabilis nyctaginea, Miscanthusfloridulus, Miscanthus sinensis, Misopates orontium, Mollugoverticillata, Monarda fistulosa, Monarda pectinata, Monochoria hastata,Monochoria vaginalis, Monolepis nuttalliana, Montanoa hibiscifolia,Moraea, Moraea collina, Moraea flaccida, Moraea miniata, Moraeaochroleuca, Moraea pallida, Morella cerifera, Morella faya, Morus alba,Mosla dianthera, Muhlenbergia frondosa, Muhlenbergia racemosa,Muhlenbergia schreberi, Murdannia keisak, Murdannia nudiflora, Murrayaexotica, Muscari botryoides, Muscari comosum, Muscari neglectum,Myoporum laetum, Myosotis scorpioides, Myriophyllum aquaticum,Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Najas minor, Nandinadomestica, Nardus stricta, Nassella trichotoma, Nasturtium microphyllum,Nasturtium officinale, Nechamandra alternifolia, Nekemias arborea,Nelumbo lutea, Neonotonia wightii var. wightii, Nepeta cataria,Nephrolepis cordifolia, Nephrolepis multiflora, Neyraudia reynaudiana,Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana glauca, Nuttallanthus canadensis,Nymphaea mexicana, Nymphaea odorata, Nymphoides peltata, Ochrosiaelliptica, Oeceoclades maculata, Oenothera biennis, Oenotheracurtiflora, Oenothera laciniata, Oenothera sinuosa, Oenotherasuffrutescens, Oenothera xerogaura, Olea europaea, Ononis alopecuroides,Onopordum, Onopordum acanthium, Onopordum acaulon, Onopordum illyricum,Onopordum tauricum, Opuntia aurantiaca, Opuntia fragilis, Opuntiapolyacantha, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Orobanche, Orobanche cooperi,Orobanche minor, Orobanche ramosa, Oryza longistaminata, Oryza punctata,Oryza rufipogon, Oryza sativa, Ottelia alismoides, Oxalis corniculata,Oxalis stricta, Oxyspora paniculata, Oxytropis lambertii, Oxytropissericea, Packera glabella, Paederia cruddasiana, Paederia foetida,Panicum antidotale, Panicum capillare, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Panicummaximum, Panicum miliaceum, Panicum repens, Panicum virgatum, Papaverdubium, Papaver somniferum, Paraderris elliptica, Paraseriantheslophantha ssp. montana, Parietaria pensylvanica, Partheniumhysterophorus, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Paspalum conjugatum,Paspalum denticulatum, Paspalum dilatatum, Paspalum laeve, Paspalumnotatum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Paspalum urvillei, Passiflora bicornis,Passiflora biflora, Passiflora edulis, Passiflora foetida, Passifloraincarnata, Passiflora laurifolia, Passiflora ligularis, Passifloralutea, Passiflora suberosa, Passiflora tarminiana, Passiflora tripartitavar. mollissima, Pastinaca sativa, Paulownia tomentosa, Peganum harmala,Pennisetum ciliare, Pennisetum clandestinum, Pennisetum glaucum,Pennisetum macrourum, Pennisetum pedicellatum, Pennisetum polystachion,Pennisetum purpureum, Pennisetum setaceum, Perilla frutescens, Phalarisaquatica, Phalaris arundinacea, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor,Phleum pratense, Phoenix reclinata, Phormium tenax, Phragmitesaustralis, Phyllanthus tenellus, Phyllanthus urinaria, Phyllostachysaurea, Phyllostachys nigra, Physalis acutifolia, Physalis angulata,Physalis heterophylla, Physalis longifolia, Physalis longifolia var.subglabrata, Physalis virginiana, Physalis viscosa, Phytolaccaamericana, Picris hieracioides, Pimenta dioica, Pimenta racemosa, Pinuselliottii var. elliottii, Pinus patula, Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata,Pinus taeda, Piper aduncum, Pistia stratiotes, Pittosporum undulatum,Plantago aristata, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, Plantagopatagonica, Plantago rugelii, Plantago virginica, Pluchea carolinensis,Pluchea indica, Poa annua, Poa bulbosa, Poa compressa, Poa pratensis,Poa trivialis, Polygonatum biflorum, Polygonum achoreum, Polygonumamphibium, Polygonum arenastrum, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonumcespitosum, Polygonum convolvulus, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonumerectum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonumpensylvanicum, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum persicaria, Polygonumpolystachyum, Polygonum ramosissimum, Polygonum sachalinense, Polypogonmonspeliensis, Pontederia cordata, Pontederia rotundifolia, Populusalba, Populus deltoides, Portulaca oleracea, Potamogeton crispus,Potentilla recta, Potentilla simplex, Proboscidea louisianica, Prosopis,Prosopis alpataco, Prosopis argentina, Prosopis burkartii, Prosopiscaldenia, Prosopis calingastana, Prosopis campestris, Prosopiscastellanosii, Prosopis denudans, Prosopis elata, Prosopis farcta,Prosopis ferox, Prosopis fiebrigii, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopishassleri, Prosopis humilis, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis kuntzei,Prosopis pallida, Prosopis palmeri, Prosopis reptans, Prosopisrojasiana, Prosopis ruizlealii, Prosopis ruscifolia, Prosopissericantha, Prosopis strombulifera, Prosopis torquata, Prosopisvelutina, Prunella vulgaris, Prunus serotina, Prunus virginiana, Psidiumcattleianum, Psidium guajava, Pteridium aquilinum, Pteridium aquilinumvar. pubescens, Pteris vittata, Ptychosperma elegans, Pueraria montana,Pueraria montana var. lobata, Pueraria phaseoloides, Pyrrhopappuscarolinianus, Ranunculus abortivus, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculusarvensis, Ranunculus bulbosus, Ranunculus ficaria, Ranunculus repens,Ranunculus sardous, Raphanus raphanistrum, Raphanus sativus, Retamamonosperma, Rhamnus, Rhamnus cathartica, Rhizophora mangle, Rhodomyrtustomentosa, Rhus glabra, Rhus typhina, Rhynchospora caduca, Rhynchosporacorniculata, Ribes, Richardia scabra, Ricinus communis, Robiniapseudoacacia, Rorippa austriaca, Rorippa palustris, Rorippa sinuata,Rorippa sylvestris, Rosa arkansana, Rosa multiflora, Rosa rugosa,Rottboellia cochinchinensis, Rubus argutus, Rubus armeniacus, Rubusellipticus var. obcordatus, Rubus fruticosus, Rubus glaucus, Rubuslaciniatus, Rubus moluccanus, Rubus niveus, Rubus phoenicolasius, Rubusrosifolius, Rubus sieboldii, Rudbeckia hirta, Ruellia caerulea, Rumex,Rumex acetosella, Rumex altissimus, Rumex crispus, Rumex obtusifolius,Saccharum spontaneum, Sacciolepis indica, Sagina procumbens, Sagittariagraminea, Sagittaria latifolia, Sagittaria montevidensis, Sagittariasagittifolia, Salsola, Salsola collina, Salsola kali, Salsola paulsenii,Salsola tragus, Salsola vermiculata, Salvia aethiopis, Salvia lyrata,Salvia pratensis, Salvia reflexa, Salvia sclarea, Salvia×superba,Salvinia, Salvinia auriculata, Salvinia biloba, Salvinia herzogii,Salvinia molesta, Sansevieria hyacinthoides, Saponaria officinalis,Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Saururus cernuus, Scaevola sericea,Schedonnardus paniculatus, Schedonorus arundinaceus, Schedonoruspratensis, Schefflera actinophylla, Schinus molle, Schinusterebinthifolius, Schismus arabicus, Schismus barbatus, Schizachyriumcondensatum, Schoenoplectiella mucronata, Schoenoplectus acutus var.acutus, Scleranthus annuus, Sclerochloa dura, Scolymus, Scolymushispanicus, Scoparia dulcis, Secale cereal, Securigera varia, Seneciojacobaea, Senecio madagascariensis, Senecio riddellii, Seneciosqualidus, Senecio vulgaris, Senna obtusifolia, Senna occidentalis,Senna pendula var. glabrata, Sesbania exaltata, Sesbania herbacea,Sesbania punicea, Setaria faberi, Setaria italica, Setaria palmifolia,Setaria parviflora, Setaria pumila, Setaria pumila ssp. pallidefusca,Setaria pumila ssp. pumila, Setaria verticillata, Setaria viridis,Sibara virginica, Sicyos angulatus, Sida rhombifolia, Sida spinosa,Silene conoidea, Silene latifolia ssp. alba, Silene noctiflora, Silenevulgaris, Silphium perfoliatum, Silybum, Silybum marianum, Sinapis,Sinapis arvensis ssp. arvensis, Sisymbrium altissimum, Sisymbrium irio,Sisymbrium loeselii, Sisymbrium officinale, Smilax rotundifolia, Solanumamericanum, Solanum cardiophyllum, Solanum carolinense, Solanumdimidiatum, Solanum diphyllum, Solanum dulcamara, Solanumelaeagnifolium, Solanum jamaicense, Solanum lanceolatum, Solanummarginatum, Solanum nigrum, Solanum physalifolium, Solanum ptycanthum,Solanum robustum, Solanum rostratum, Solanum tampicense, Solanum torvum,Solanum triflorum, Solanum viarum, Solidago altissima, Solidagocanadensis, Solidago missouriensis, Soliva sessilis, Soliva pterosperma,Sonchus arvensis, Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis, Sonchus arvensis ssp.uliginosus, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sorghastrum nutans,Sorghum almum, Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum halepense, Sorghum propinquum,Sparganium erectum, Spartina alterniflora, Spartina anglica, Spartinadensiflora, Spartina patens, Spartium junceum, Spathodea campanulata,Spergula arvensis, Spermacoce alata, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Sphaerophysasalsula, Sphagneticola trilobata, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Spiraeajaponica, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Sporobolus indicus, Sporobolusvaginiflorus, Stachys floridana, Stellaria graminea, Stellaria media,Stratiotes aloides, Striga, Striga asiatica, Symphoricarposoccidentalis, Symphyotrichum divaricatum, Symphyotrichum ericoides var.ericoides, Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum, Symphytum asperum,Syngonium podophyllum, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium jambos, Taeniatherumcaput-medusae, Tagetes minuta, Tamarix, Tamarix aralensis, Tamarixchinensis, Tamarix gallica, Tamarix parviflora, Tamarix ramosissima,Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Tectaria incisa, Terminaliacatappa, Tetradymia canescens, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Tetrastigmavoinieranum, Tetrazygia bicolor, Teucrium canadense, Themeda villosa,Thermopsis rhombifolia, Thespesia populnea, Thlaspi arvense, Thymelaeapasserina, Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus, Tibouchina, Tibouchinaherbacea, Tibouchina longifolia, Tibouchina urvilleana, Toona ciliata,Torilis arvensis, Toxicodendron pubescens, Toxicodendron radicans,Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans, Toxicodendron rydbergii,Toxicodendron vernix, Tradescantia fluminensis, Tradescantia spathacea,Tragopogon dubius, Trapa, Trapa natans, Trema orientalis, Triadicasebifera, Trianthema portulacastrum, Tribulus cistoides, Tribulusterrestris, Tridax procumbens, Trifolium arvense, Trifolium campestre,Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium repens, Triglochin maritima, Triodanisperfoliata, Triphasia trifolia, Tripleurospermum perforatum, Tripsacumdactyloides, Triticum aestivum, Triumfetta rhomboidea, Triumfettasemitriloba, Tussilago farfara, Typha latifolia, Ulex europaeus, Ulmusparvifolia, Ulmus pumila, Urena lobata, Urochloa fusca, Urochloa maxima,Urochloa mutica, Urochloa panicoides, Urochloa platyphylla, Urochloaramosa, Urochloa texana, Urtica dioica, Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis,Utricularia inflata, Vaccaria hispanica, Vachellia farnesiana, Valerianaofficinalis, Valerianella radiata, Ventenata dubia, Veratrumcalifornicum, Verbascum blattaria, Verbascum thapsus, Verbena bracteata,Verbena hastata, Verbena stricta, Verbena urticifolia, Verbesinaencelioides, Vernicia fordii, Vernonia baldwinii, Vernonia gigantea,Veronica agrestis, Veronica arvensis, Veronica biloba, Veronicafiliformis, Veronica peregrina, Veronica persica, Viburnum lantana,Viburnum opulus, Vicia benghalensis, Vicia sativa ssp. nigra, Viciatetrasperma, Vicia villosa, Vigna unguiculata, Vinca major, Vinca minor,Viola arvensis, Viola nephrophylla, Viola sororia, Viscum album, Vitis,Vitis aestivalis, Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis vulpina, Vossiacuspidata, Vulpia myuros, Vulpia octoflora, Wisteria floribunda,Wisteria sinensis, Xanthium, Xanthium spinosum, Xanthium strumarium,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense, Xylorhiza glabriuscula, Yucca glaucaZea mays Zigadenus venenosus and Zygophyllum fabago.

In an aspect, methods and compositions of the present invention are usedto control annual grasses belonging to the genera including but notlimited to Microstegium, Digitaria, Poa, Bromus, Ventenata,Taeniatherum, Secale, and Aegilops.

In another aspect, methods and compositions of the present invention areused to control annual grasses belong to the species including but notlimited to Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stiltgrass), Digitariaabyssinica (East African couchgrass), Digitaria bicornis (Asiancrabgrass), Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass), Digitaria ischaemum(smooth crabgrass or small crabgrass), Digitaria sanguinalis (hairycrabgrass), Digitaria velutina (velvet crabgrass), Poa bulbosa (bulbousbluegrass), Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass or downy brome), Bromus rubens(red brome), Bromus secalinus (cheat) and Bromus japonicus (Japanesebrome), Ventenata dubia (ventenata), Taeniatherum caput-medusae(medusahead), Secale cereal (feral rye), Aegilops triuncialis (barbgoatgrass), and Aegilops cylindrica (jointed goatgrass).

In another aspect, compositions described herein are applied inrangeland, pastures, natural areas, or other non-crop areas according tothe method of the present invention.

In another aspect, animals graze and/or are intended to graze in therangeland, pastures, natural areas, or other non-crop areas to whichcompositions described herein are applied.

The animal grazing in the area in which a composition is appliedaccording to the method of the present invention may be any animal. Inan aspect, the grazing animal is an animal whose milk or meat is to beconsumed by humans or by animals (e.g., pets including cats and dogs).

In an aspect, the animal is a mammal or a bird.

In certain embodiments, the animal is a bird. For example, in certainembodiments, the animal is a chicken, turkey, pheasant, grouse, duck,goose, quail, partridge, or dove.

In certain embodiments, the animal is a ruminant animal. For example, incertain embodiments, the animal is a cow, goat, sheep, bison, horse,elk, moose, antelope or deer.

In certain embodiments, the animal is a ruminant animal other than agoat.

In certain embodiments, the animal is a cow.

In an aspect, animals which graze in rangeland, pastures, natural areas,or other non-crop areas to which compositions described herein do notaccumulate the active agronomic ingredient(s) in the animal's milk ortissues.

In an aspect, plants (e.g., grass) treated according to the method ofthe present invention is safe for consumption by grazing animalsimmediately following treatment.

In an aspect, grazing animals may consume plants (e.g., grass) treatedaccording to the method of the present invention any time period aftertreatment. For example, grazing animals may advantageously consume thetreated plants immediately following treatment.

In an aspect, milk produced by animals which consume plants (e.g.,grass) treated according to the method of the present invention is safefor human consumption. In an aspect, said milk is of food-grade quality.

In an aspect, milk produced by animals which consume plants (e.g.,grass) treated according to the method of the present invention is safefor animal consumption. In an aspect, said milk is of pet food-gradequality.

In an aspect, tissues (i.e., meat and organs) of animals which consumeplants (e.g., grass) treated according to the method of the presentinvention are safe for human consumption. In an aspect, said tissues areof food-grade quality.

In an aspect, tissues (i.e., meat and organs) of animals which consumeplants (e.g., grass) treated according to the method of the presentinvention are safe for animal consumption. In an aspect, said tissuesare of pet food-grade quality.

In an aspect, the amount of residual cellulose biosynthesis inhibitorpresent in the animals' fat after the animals graze on the treated grassis less than 0.350 ppm, or less than 0.300 ppm, or less than 0.250 ppm,or less than 0.200 ppm, or less than 0.150 ppm.

In another aspect, where the animal is a cow, the amount of residualcellulose biosynthesis inhibitor present in the cow's fat after the cowgrazes on the treated grass is less than 0.250 ppm, or less than 0.200ppm, or less than 0.150 ppm, or less than 0.120 ppm, or less than 0.090ppm.

In an aspect, the amount of residual cellulose biosynthesis inhibitorpresent in the animals' meat e.g., muscle) after the animals graze onthe treated grass is less than 0.250 ppm, or less than 0.200 ppm, orless than 0.150 ppm, or less than 0.075 ppm, or less than 0.050 ppm.

In another aspect, where the animal is a cow, the amount of residualcellulose biosynthesis inhibitor present in the cow's meat (e.g.,muscle) after the cow grazes on the treated grass is less than 0.200ppm, or less than 0.150 ppm, or less than 0.075 ppm, or less than 0.050ppm, or less than 0.020 ppm.

In an aspect, the amount of residual cellulose biosynthesis inhibitorpresent after the animals graze on the treated grass in meat byproductsfrom the animal is less than X, or less than Y, or less than Z, or lessthan A, or less than B.

In another aspect, where the animal is a cow, the amount of residualcellulose biosynthesis inhibitor present after the cow grazes on thetreated grass in meat byproducts from the cow is less than 2.00 ppm, orless than 1.50 ppm, or less than 1.00 ppm, or less than 0.75 ppm, orless than 0.30 ppm.

In an aspect, meat byproducts include but are not limited to a grazinganimal's liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, brain, blood, bone, partiallydefatted low temperature fatty tissue, stomachs, intestines freed oftheir contents, and other non-rendered animal organs and parts. In anaspect, meat byproducts from grazing animals which consume plantstreated according to the present method are safe for human consumptionand for use in pet foods.

In an aspect, the amount of residual cellulose biosynthesis inhibitorpresent in the animals' milk after the animals graze on the treatedgrass is less than 0.250 ppm, or less than 0.200 ppm, or less than 0.150ppm, or less than 0.100 ppm, or less than 0.075 ppm.

In another aspect, where the animal is a cow, the amount of residualcellulose biosynthesis inhibitor present in the cow's milk after the cowgrazes on the treated grass is less than 0.200 ppm, or less than 0.150ppm, or less than 0.100 ppm, or less than 0.075 ppm, or less than 0.030ppm.

As used herein, “rangeland” denotes any field or grassland area,especially areas used for grazing domestic livestock, protection offauna and flora, restoration of fauna and flora or for recreation.Rangelands include, for example, tallgrass prairies, shortgrassprairies, desert grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, forests, savannas,chaparrals, and steppes. Rangelands are also called pampas.

As used herein, “pasture” denotes, for example, any field or grasslandarea, similar to rangeland, except that, generally, rangeland tends tohave natural vegetation along with a few optionally introduced plantspecies managed by grazing, whereas pastures have forage that is adaptedfor livestock and managed by seeding, mowing, fertilization andirrigation.

As used herein, “natural area” denotes, for example, conservation landsset aside for preservation or restoration and used for recreation,ecosystem services, or other non-agricultural purposes, such as parks(e.g., city, county, state or national parks) and private woods.

As used herein, “rangeland”, “pastures” and “natural areas” are distinctsites.

As used herein, “other non-crop area” means any area other than arangeland, pasture, or natural area and which has not been cultivated byhumans to grow crops.

Suitable compositions applied according to the present invention can beformulated in any desired manner and include any desired excipientswhich, for example, do not adversely affect the health of the grazinganimals.

Compositions used according to the present invention can be commercialformulations which contains various formulation additives. Thecompositions can be formulated as a granular formulation, seedtreatment, foliar composition, a foliar spray, solutions, tank-mixproducts, emulsions, suspension, coating formulation, encapsulatedformulation, solid, liquid, fertilizer, paste, powder, suspension, orsuspension concentrate. The composition may be employed alone or insolid, dispersant, or liquid formulation.

These formulations are produced in any desired or known manner, forexample by mixing the active compounds with extenders, such as liquidsolvents, pressurized liquefied gases and/or solid carriers, optionallywith the use of surface-active agents, such as emulsifiers and/ordispersants and/or foam formers. If the extender used is water, it isalso useful to employ for example organic solvents as cosolvents.

Suitable liquid solvents include: aromatics, such as xylene, toluene oralkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics or chlorinated aliphatichydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylenechloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, forexample mineral oil fractions, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol aswell as their ethers and esters, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethylketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polarsolvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and alsowater.

Liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers include those liquids which aregaseous at ambient temperature and at atmospheric pressure, for exampleaerosol propellants such as halogenated hydrocarbons and also butane,propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

As solid carriers there are suitable: for example, ground naturalminerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite,montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals,such as finely divided silica, alumina and silicates.

As solid carriers for granules there are suitable: for example, crushedand fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, pumice, marble,sepiolite and dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic andorganic meals, and granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconutshells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.

As emulsifiers and/or foam formers there are suitable: for example,non-ionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acidesters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylarylpolyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonatesand protein hydrolysates.

As dispersants, for example, lignosulphite waste liquors andmethylcellulose are suitable.

Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and syntheticpolymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gumarabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as naturalphospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and syntheticphospholipids, can be used in the formulations.

Other possible additives include mineral and vegetable oils.

Colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titaniumoxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs, such as alizarindyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and tracenutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt,molybdenum and zinc, can also be used.

In certain embodiments, other ingredients, such as insecticides,fertilizers, biostimulants, and/or soil amendments can be used with thecellulose biosynthesis inhibitor in the methods of the invention.

A composition described herein can be applied to a soil, plant or crop,or a seed, leaf, or part thereof in a single application step. Inanother aspect, a composition described herein is applied to a plant orcrop or a seed, leaf, or part thereof in multiple application steps, forexample, two, three, four, five or more application steps. In anotheraspect, the second, third, fourth, or fifth or more application stepsmay be with the same or different compositions. The methods describedherein also provide for an aspect where multiple application steps areexcluded.

A composition described herein can be applied to a soil, desirable plantor crop, or a seed, or part thereof in one or more application intervalsof about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 6 hours, about 8hours, about 12 hours, about 1 day, about 5 days, about 7 days, about 10days, about 12 days, about 14 days, about 21 days, about 28 days, about35 days, about 45 days, about 50 days, or about 56 days.

A composition described herein can be applied to a desirable plant orcrop (e.g., grass for grazing animals), or a seed, leaf, or part thereofone or more times during a growing, planting, or harvesting season. Inanother aspect, a compound or composition described herein is applied toa desirable plant or crop, seed, or plant part thereof in one, two,three, four, or five or more times during a growing, planting, orharvesting season. In another aspect, a compound or compositiondescribed herein is applied to a plant, crop, seed, or plant partthereof only one time, no more than two times, or no more than threetimes during a growing, planting, or harvesting season. In yet anotheraspect, a compound or composition is applied in a single step to a seed.In yet another aspect, a seed described herein is planted in a one-passapplication step.

In an aspect, a composition of the present invention is applied as apre-plant treatment, e.g., before a desirable plant or crop is planted.

In another aspect, a composition of the present invention is applied asa post-plant treatment, e.g., after a desirable plant or crop isplanted, or can be applied before and after planting.

In another aspect, the disclosure provides for pre-plant, pre-emergent,post-emergent, application steps or combinations thereof. In anotheraspect, a compound or composition described herein is first applied in apre-plant step and followed by one or more pre-emergent or post-emergentsteps.

Methods described herein can be used in the treatment of geneticallymodified organisms (GMOs), e.g., plants or seeds. Genetically modifiedplants (or transgenic plants) are plants of which a heterologous genehas been stably integrated into genome. The expression “heterologousgene” essentially means a gene which is provided or assembled outsidethe plant and when introduced in the nuclear, chloroplastic ormitochondrial genome gives the transformed plant new or improvedagronomic or other properties by expressing a protein or polypeptide ofinterest or by downregulating or silencing other gene(s) which arepresent in the plant (using for example, antisense technology,cosuppression technology or RNA interference—RNAi—technology). Aheterologous gene that is located in the genome is also called atransgene. A transgene that is defined by its particular location in theplant genome is called a transformation or transgenic event.

In an aspect, plants can be obtained by traditional breeding andoptimization methods or by biotechnological and recombinant methods, orcombinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants andincluding the plant varieties which are capable or not capable of beingprotected by Plant Breeders' Rights.

In another aspect, plant species and plant varieties which are found inthe wild or which are obtained by traditional biological breedingmethods, such as hybridization or protoplast fusion, and parts of thesespecies and varieties are treated. In a further preferred embodiment,transgenic plants and plant varieties which were obtained by recombinantmethods, if appropriate in combination with traditional methods(genetically modified organisms) and their parts are treated.

“Plant parts” should be understood as meaning all above ground andsubsoil parts and organs of plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower, root,leaves, needles, stalks, stems, fruiting bodies, fruits and seeds,tubers and rhizomes. Plant parts also include harvested crops, and alsovegetative and generative propagation material, for example cuttings,tubers, rhizomes, slips and seeds.

Seeds, plant parts, leaves, and plants may be treated with the describedcompositions by applying the compounds or compositions directly to theseed, plant part, leaf, or plant. In another aspect, the seed, plantpart, leaf, or plant may be treated indirectly, for example by treatingthe environment or habitat in which the seed, plant part, leaf, or plantis exposed to.

Conventional treatment methods may be used to treat the environment orhabitat including dipping, spraying (e.g., via a backpack sprayer, atractor-mounted boom sprayer, an ATV-mounted boom sprayer, or othersprayer), fumigating, chemigating, fogging, scattering, brushing on,shanking or injecting.

According to the invention, the treatment of plants or crops, and seeds,leaves or parts thereof with a composition described herein can becarried out directly by the customary treatment methods, for example byimmersion, spraying, vaporizing, fogging, injecting, dripping,drenching, broadcasting or painting, and seed treatment.

In certain embodiments of the method of the present invention,compositions described herein are applied by ground or by air.

In an aspect, compositions described herein are applied anytime when theground is not frozen or covered with snow.

In an aspect, compositions described herein are applied prior to seedgermination of the plant pest(s) (e.g., invasive grasses) to becontrolled.

Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors such as indaziflam are activated byrainfall or irrigation of, for example, at least 0.25 inches afterapplication to a plant pest or environment or habitat thereof.

In an aspect, compositions described herein are applied such thatadequate rainfall or irrigation is received after application but priorto weed germination.

A compound or composition described herein can take any of a variety ofdosage forms including, without limitation, suspension concentrates,aerosols, capsule suspensions, cold-fogging concentrates, warm-foggingconcentrates, encapsulated granules, fine granules, flowableconcentrates for the treatment of seed, ready-to-use solutions, dustablepowders, emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oilemulsions, macrogranules, microgranules, oil-dispersible powders,oil-miscible flowable concentrates, oil-miscible liquids, foams, pastes,pesticide-coated seed, suspoemulsion concentrates, soluble concentrates,wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts and granules, water-solublegranules or tablets, water-soluble powders for the treatment of seed,wettable powders, natural products and synthetic substances impregnatedwith a compound or composition described herein, a net impregnated witha compound or composition described herein, and also microencapsulationsin polymeric substances and in coating materials for seed, and also ULVcold-fogging and warm-fogging formulations.

A composition disclosed herein may optionally include one or moreadditional compounds providing an additional beneficial or otherwiseuseful effect. Such compounds include, without limitation, an adhesive,a surfactant, a solvent, a wetting agent, an emulsifying agent, acarrier, an adjuvant, a diluent, a dispersing agent an insecticide, apesticide, a fungicide, a fertilizer of a micronutrient or macronutrientnature, a herbicide, a feeding inhibitor, an insect molting inhibitor,an insect mating inhibitor, an insect maturation inhibitor, anematacide, a nutritional or horticultural supplement, or anycombination thereof. In an aspect, a composition described herein isodor free.

Compositions described herein can be combined with a fertilizer.Examples of fertilizers capable of being used with the compositions andmethods described herein include, for example, urea, ammonium nitrate,ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate, diammonium phosphate, monoammoniumphosphate, triple super phosphate, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrate,nitrate of potash, potassium chloride, muriate of potash, di- andmono-potassium salts of phosphite/phosphonate.

As demonstrated in the below text, it has been found by the inventorsthat application of compositions comprising cellulose biostynehtsisinhibitors to grass later consumed by animals does not result in anyharmful accumulation of the active ingredients in the animals' milk oredible tissues.

Ruminant metabolism studies have been conducted with both[triazine-2,4-¹⁴C]indaziflam and [indane-3-¹⁴C] indaziflam according tocurrent EPA guidelines. Accumulation into the edible tissues was low andthe metabolism of indaziflam in ruminants is well understood.

In cattle the residues of concern for risk assessment are:

-   i. indaziflam parent compound    (N-[(1R,2S)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine),-   ii. indaziflam-acid    ((2S,3R)-3-[[4-Amino-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-indene-5-carboxylic    acid),-   iii. indaziflam-3 hydroxyindane    ((2R,3R)-3-[[4-amino-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2,5-dimethyl-indan-1-ol),-   iv. indaziflam-3-ketohydroxymethyl    ((2R,3R)-3-[[4-amino-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-indan-1-one)    and-   v. indaziflam-triazinediamine    (6-[(1R)-1-Fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine).

A feeding study was conducted to measure total indaziflam residue inmilk, cream (milk fat), skim milk (whey), mesenteric (omental) fat,perirenal fat, subcutaneous fat, liver, kidney, muscle and excrement(feces or faeces) from lactating Holstein dairy cows (Bos taurus)following 29 consecutive days of dosing with indaziflam. The base dailydose of indaziflam was calculated to be 31 mg/kg dry matter feed. Fourgroups of cows were fed at 0 (control—two cows), 31 (1×—three cows), 934(3×—three cows) and 311 (10×—seven cows) mg/kg dry matter feed.

Milk was collected twice daily from all dose groups, morning andevening. Doses were administered after the morning milking. Milk wassubsampled for analysis from the controls and all dose groups on studydays 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 25, and 28. A composite milk sample wascollected containing the study day evening milk and the followingmorning milk prior to daily dose administration. On day 25, additionalmilk samples from both control cows and all cows from the 10× dose groupwere collected and pooled by group. This additional day 25 milk wasprocessed into cream (milk fat) and skim milk for analysis.

On Day 29 (3 to approximately 7 hours after the final dose), one of thecontrol cows, all of the 1× and 3× dose group cows, and three of the 10×dose group cows were sacrificed, and fat, liver, kidney, and musclesamples were collected from each cow for analysis.

The remaining cows (one control and four from the 10× dose level)entered the depuration phase of the study. The 10× depuration cows weresacrificed 3, 7, 14, and 21 days post-dosing (study days 32, 36, 43, and50). The remaining control cow was sacrificed on day 50. Additional milksamples were collected from the remaining control cow and the 10× dosedepuration cows on days 31, 35, 38, and 42. Milk, tissues and excrementfrom the cows sacrificed at each interval were analyzed to monitor thedecline of the residues of indaziflam and its metabolites.

Residues of indaziflam and its metabolites: indaziflam-acid((2S,3R)-3-[[4-Amino-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-indene-5-carboxylicacid), indaziflam-3 hydroxyindane((2R,3R)-3-[[4-amino-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2,5-dimethyl-indan-1-ol),indaziflam-3-ketohydroxymethyl((2R,3R)-3-[[4-amino-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-indan-1-one)and indaziflam-triazinediamine(6-[(1R)-1-Fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) were quantitated byhigh performance liquid chromatography/triple stage quadrupole massspectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using stable isotopically labeled internalstandards.

The individual analyte derived residues were converted to indaziflamparent equivalents and summed to give a total indaziflam residue. Thelimit of quantitation (LOQ) for total indaziflam residue was 0.05 ppmfor fat, kidney, muscle and liver. The LOQ for total indaziflam residuein milk was 0.025 ppm.

Average total indaziflam residues in milk, at the 28th day were 0.028ppm, 0.038 ppm and 0.15 ppm, respectively at the 1×, 3× and 10× rates.

Average total indaziflam residues in fat ranged from 0.068 to 0.082 ppm,from 0.11 ppm to 0.12 ppm and from 0.27 ppm to 0.36 ppm, respectively,at the 1×, 3× and 10× rates.

Average total indaziflam residues in kidney were 0.10 ppm, 0.22 ppm and0.74 ppm, respectively, at the 1×, 3× and 10× rates.

Average total indaziflam residues in liver were 0.20 ppm, 0.31 ppm and1.3 ppm, respectively, at the 1×, 3× and 10× rates.

Average total indaziflam residues in muscle were <LOQ, 0.05 ppm and 0.08ppm, respectively, at the 1×, 3× and 10× rates.

In the depuration phase, residues in all tissues and milk declinedrapidly after the end of dosing.

Human safety risk assessments have been conducted, using current EPApractice, for all the current and proposed new uses of indaziflam.Chronic aggregate dietary exposure (food and water) will utilize lessthan 4% of the cPAD for the US Population. Acute aggregate dietaryexposure (food and water) for the U.S. population, utilizes 7% of theaPAD. Non-dietary and aggregate margins of exposure (food, drinkingwater, and non-dietary) are above the Level of Concern.

Therefore, the aggregate assessment for all proposed uses for indaziflamdemonstrates that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm willresult to the U.S. Population and subpopulations from the proposed newuse of indaziflam described here.

1. A method of controlling fire size and frequency at a locus in needthereof, comprising applying to the locus an amount of a composition ofindaziflam sufficient to reduce flammable biomass at the locus.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the biomass is derived in whole or in partfrom an invasive grass species at the locus.
 3. The method of claim 2wherein the invasive grass species is selected from the group consistingof genera Microstegium, Digitaria, Poa, Bromus, Ventenata, Taeniatherum,Secale, Setaria, Lolium, Cenchrus and Aegilops.
 4. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein the composition is applied at a rate of 0.001 to 100oz/A.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition isapplied at a rate of 0.01 to 75 oz/A.
 6. The method according to claim1, wherein the composition is applied at a rate of 0.1 to 50 oz/A. 7.The method according to claim 1, wherein the indaziflam is applied in anamount of 0.001 to 25 lb. ai/A.
 8. The method according to claim 1,wherein the indaziflam is applied in an amount of 0.005 to 10 lb. ai/A.9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the indaziflam is applied inan amount of 0.01 to 1 lb. ai/A.
 10. The method according to claim 1,wherein the locus is a rangeland.